Survey and new insights in the application of PCR‐based molecular markers for identification of HMW‐GS at the Glu‐B1 locus in durum and bread wheat

Wheat, among all cereal grains, possesses unique characteristics conferred by gluten; in particular, high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW‐GS) are of considerable interest as they strictly relate to bread‐making quality and contribute to strengthening and stabilizing dough. Thus, the identification of allelic composition, in particular at the Glu‐B1 locus, is very important to wheat quality improvement. Several PCR‐based molecular markers to tag‐specific HMW glutenin genes encoding Bx and By subunits have been developed in recent years. This study provides a survey of the molecular markers developed for the HMW‐GS at the Glu‐B1 locus. In addition, a selection of molecular markers was tested on 31 durum and bread wheat cultivars containing the By8, By16, By9, Bx17, Bx6, Bx14 and Bx17 Glu‐B1 alleles, and a new assignation was defined for the ZSBy9_aF1/R3 molecular marker that was specific for the By20 allele. We believe the results constitute a practical guide for results that might be achieved by these molecular markers on populations and cultivars with high variability at the Glu‐B1 locus.     

新疆甜菜丸粒化单粒种高密高产高糖栽培模式

在新疆适宜种植甜菜的生态区,通过选择甜菜丸粒化单粒种,在高密度种植条件下,依据不同栽培管理阶段特点采用合理的管理措施,以实现甜菜单产97.5～105.0t/hm2、含糖率15%以上的目标,从而构建甜菜丸粒化单粒种高密高产高糖栽培模式。     

大球盖菇林下优质高产高效栽培关键技术探究

本文在前人对大球盖菇研究的基础上,通过多年的试验研究,从菌种选择、播期确定、林地选择、林地灭菌消毒、配料选择、建堆发酵、铺料播种、发菌期管理、出菇期管理、适时采收等方面总结出一套简便易行的大球盖菇林下优质高产栽培技术方案,以期为广大的种植户提供技术指导,为林地大球盖菇栽培体系的进一步完善提供资料参考。     

酸奶营养品质提升的加工工艺研究

牛奶中含有丰富的活性营养物质,包括乳铁蛋白、免疫球蛋白、乳过氧化物酶、α-乳白蛋白、β-乳球蛋白等。传统工艺生产的酸奶经过高温杀菌,活性营养物质几乎完全损失。为了避免这一情况,本文推出一种新的酸奶生产工艺,生产出的酸奶可保留大部分活性营养物质。首先将牛奶的乳脂进行分离,乳脂部分进行125 ℃、5 s杀菌,脱脂牛奶部分进行75 ℃、15 s杀菌,将两部分料液混合后加入菌种发酵至酸度75~85°T,破乳后冷却后熟8 h以上。经测定,新工艺酸奶中α-乳白蛋白、β-乳球蛋白、乳铁蛋白、免疫球蛋白、乳过氧化物酶含量分别为966 mg/L、1 963 mg/L、23.4 mg/L、102 mg/L、1 025 U/L,远高于传统工艺酸奶的68 mg/L、200 mg/L、0.7 mg/L、14 mg/L、0 U/L。通过对比新工艺与传统工艺酸奶保质期内的活菌数、黏度、酸度和口感,并无显著差异。     

冷冲高硬度材料模具失效的原因与对策研究

在日常的应用中,我们发现,制作材料是高合金钢的模具要比硬质合金制作的模具耐用,我们进而研究了其失效的方式以及失效的比例,研究结果显示,硬质合金的失效主要体现在掉渣和崩刃,而高合金钢的失效主要体现在正常的磨损方面。在制作的过程中,高合金钢会由于在加热的不适当而使得碳化物不均匀,或者使得硬度不稳定等原因而没有充分发挥材料的潜在能力,文章对如何提高高合金钢的寿命提出了具体方案。     

春花生超高产栽培技术模式研究与应用

采取正交旋转回归设计,以播种期、种植密度、施肥量为试验因子,以9000kg/hm2为产量目标函数,进行春花生超高产栽培模式集成研究。结果表明,在鲁西南平原地区,超高产春花生以种植密度和N、P、K施肥量为主要限制因素,播种期为次要限制因素。明确了春花生单产达到9000kg/hm2以上的最佳种植密度、播种期和合理的N、P2O5、K2O施用量为主要指标的栽培技术模式,增产效果显著。     

高邮市稻鸭共作方式下优质稻米产量及效益分析

稻鸭共作将稻、鸭构成一个互相依赖生长的复合型生态农业体系,是一种以生产优质稻米为主,生产食品肉鸭为辅的绿色高效综合种养技术模式。选取7户典型的进行稻鸭共作生产方式的农户对其成本效益进行分析,主要结果如下:进行稻鸭共作生产方式的农户其前期投入成本虽然较高,但其产生的效益也较高,远高于常规种植农户;生产面积较小的农户平均667 m^2效益略高于生产面积较大的农户。     

High night-time temperature during flowering and pod filling affects flower opening,yield and seed fatty acid composition in canola

Winter canola (Brassica napus L.) is highly sensitive to increasing temperatures during the reproductive and pod-filling stages. Although the impact of high day-time temperature stress on yield and quality has been documented in canola, similar information under high night-time temperature (HNT) stress is not available. Using six hybrids and four open-pollinated cultivars, we observed a marked shift in peak flowering towards earlier, cooler hours of the morning under HNT. Averaged across two independent experiments, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II was significantly decreased (3%), with a significant increase in thylakoid membrane damage (13%) in the leaves of susceptible cultivars under HNT stress. Similarly, the susceptible cultivars also recorded significant reduction in biomass (34%), pod number (22%), pod weight (37%) and total seed weight (40%) per plant while the same set of agronomic traits were not affected among the tolerant cultivars. Quantitative impact of heat stress was confirmed with increased sensitivity to HNT exposure from gametogenesis until maturity resulting in a significantly higher yield loss compared to stress exposure from post-flowering till maturity. HNT significantly decreased oil concentration, but increased protein concentration and saturated fatty acid levels in seeds of the susceptible cultivars. However, HNT had no impact on the unsaturated fatty acids in both hybrids and the open-pollinated cultivars. Breeding targets based on fatty acid composition for enhancing canola seed quality may not be easily amenable due to the inconsistency documented with the compositional changes under heat stress. In summary, our findings conclude that canola hybrids are better suited to regions experiencing heat stress, compared to open-pollinated cultivars, indicating the possibility of a complete shift to hybrid canola cultivation under predicted hotter climates in the future.     

晚稻机收留高茬紫云英迟播技术的应用效果研究

通过田间试验,研究了双季稻田晚稻机械收获留高茬后紫云英迟播的应用效果。结果表明,与传统紫云英播种技术相比,晚稻机械收获留高茬紫云英迟播显著缩短了紫云英的生育期,但其盛花期能保持与传统播种技术一致,对下茬早稻作物的种植没有影响;两种播种方法对盛花期鲜草产量、植株养分含量和养分积累量均没有显著影响,说明迟播播种能达到与传统播种一样的肥田目的;迟播对紫云英的种子产量及产量构成因素均没有明显影响,与传统播种技术相比可节约劳动力成本约45元/hm2,且可避免传统播种方法对晚稻植株的伤害。在现代双季稻种植条件下,晚稻机械收获留高茬紫云英迟播技术具有较大的优势和发展前景。     

茶多酚高通量检测技术研究进展

茶多酚是茶叶的主要活性成分,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗衰老、降血糖、防辐射等多种生物学活性。然而,茶多酚的不稳定性极大限制其进一步开发应用。茶多酚易受光线、温度、pH等因素影响而发生氧化、聚合和缩合,从而使其活性改变。因此,茶多酚组分的高通量快速检测在生物学及临床上具有重要意义。高效液相色谱法、毛细管电泳法、近红外光谱法、核磁共振等均是茶多酚组分高通量检测的主要方法,但这些方法各有优劣。对茶多酚高通量快速检测技术及其相关应用进行了归纳和总结,并对其优势及存在的问题进行分析,以期为茶多酚组分的高通量检测提供参考。